第八節(jié)
中國(guó)文學(xué)作品佛家意境美的再現(xiàn)
佛家美學(xué)主張主體要擺脫塵世,擯除俗念,對(duì)宇宙和人生進(jìn)行靜觀和禪悟,通過(guò)妙悟、頓悟以直觀生命的本質(zhì),最終達(dá)到大徹大悟的境界,因此佛家宣揚(yáng)一種生命宇宙。佛家之心境是一種空境,即主體內(nèi)心的空靜,主體通過(guò)禪悟才能達(dá)到心靈的空寂,體悟生命的本質(zhì)。佛家美學(xué)追求一種大音希聲、大象無(wú)形的空靈澄靜的意境和清澈空明的境界。中國(guó)古詩(shī)的佛家之意境包含兩類:一種是在“偏于靜態(tài)的藝術(shù)實(shí)境中尋求空明本體,達(dá)到圓融體悟造成的意境美”,這是一種“剎那永恒的人生體悟”;另一種是“在紛紜世態(tài)的描繪中尋求空明本體,達(dá)到圓融體悟”。佛教強(qiáng)調(diào)空、靜,認(rèn)為人只有通過(guò)禪悟才能達(dá)到心靈的空寂,體悟生命的本質(zhì)。下面是唐朝詩(shī)人王維的《漢江臨泛》和兩種譯文:
楚塞三湘接,荊門(mén)九派通。
江流天地外,山色有無(wú)中。
郡邑滄前浮,波瀾動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)空。
襄陽(yáng)好風(fēng)日,留醉與山翁。
Three Southern rivers rolling by,
Nine tributaries meeting here,
Their water flows from earth to sky;
Hills now appear,now disappear.
Towns seem to float on river shore;
With waves horizons rise and fall .
Such scenery as we adore
Would make us drink and drunken all.
(許淵沖譯)
The border of Chu lies close to Three Xiang,
Mount Jingmen looms above the nine streams.
The grand river flows beyond heaven and earth,
Distant hills float and fade out by turns,it seems.
Shires and burghs shimmer o'er the shore yonder,
The horizon ripples with waves surging up.
How enchanting the scenery in Xiangyang!
I will stay with old Shan and drain my cup.
(孫梁譯)
原詩(shī)描繪了漢江洶涌澎湃的雄偉氣勢(shì)和壯觀景象。首聯(lián)“楚塞三湘接,荊門(mén)九派通”描繪了漢江浩浩蕩蕩匯入長(zhǎng)江的壯觀場(chǎng)面。“三湘”指湘江分別與漓水、蒸水、瀟水交匯而形成的漓湘、蒸湘、瀟湘三條江,“九派”指長(zhǎng)江的九條支流。許譯Three Southern rivers rolling by用現(xiàn)在分詞rolling再現(xiàn)了漢江水奔流不息的場(chǎng)面。孫譯The border of Chu lies close to Three Xiang/Mount Jingmen looms above the nine streams中close to、above再現(xiàn)了原詩(shī)畫(huà)面的立體空間感,looms意思是come into sight without a clear form,especially in a way that appears very large,生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了荊門(mén)山的高聳險(xiǎn)峻。原詩(shī)第二聯(lián)“江流天地外,山色有無(wú)中”,《唐詩(shī)鑒賞辭典》解釋為“漢江滔滔遠(yuǎn)去,好像一直涌流到天地之外去了,兩岸重重青山,迷迷蒙蒙,時(shí)隱時(shí)現(xiàn),若有若無(wú)”,表現(xiàn)了大自然景色中的一種空靈境界。許譯Hills now appear,now disappear中now appear,now disappear形成排比結(jié)構(gòu),now的迭用、appear與disappear的對(duì)比再現(xiàn)了蒼山迷蒙、時(shí)隱時(shí)現(xiàn)的景象。孫譯The grand river flows beyond heaven and earth用介詞beyond再現(xiàn)了大江的寬闊浩渺,Distant hills float and fade out by turns,it seems中動(dòng)詞float與fade形成頭韻,生動(dòng)地刻畫(huà)了山色的若隱若現(xiàn)、朦朧空靈,富于音美和意美。
原詩(shī)第三聯(lián)“郡邑滄前浮,波瀾動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)空”中用“浮”、“動(dòng)”化靜態(tài)景物為動(dòng)態(tài),許譯Towns seem to float on river shore/With waves horizons rise and fall用動(dòng)詞float、rise、fall再現(xiàn)了漢江波濤滾滾、天地似乎隨之搖動(dòng)的場(chǎng)景。孫譯Shires and burghs shimmer o'er the shore yonder中動(dòng)詞shimmer意思是shine with a soft trembling light,生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了原詩(shī)的畫(huà)面:郡邑映照在水中,江面上波光粼粼。介詞o'er(over)、副詞yonder與上文的介詞yonder前后呼應(yīng),刻畫(huà)了大江的浩蕩開(kāi)闊。The horizon ripples with waves surging up中動(dòng)詞ripples既描寫(xiě)江水的漣漪起伏,又生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)了原詩(shī)意象所表現(xiàn)的一種幻境:遠(yuǎn)處的地平線似乎也隨著江水輕微起伏。surging up再現(xiàn)了漢江洶涌澎湃的雄偉氣勢(shì)和壯觀景象。原詩(shī)第四聯(lián)“襄陽(yáng)好風(fēng)日,留醉與山翁”描寫(xiě)了詩(shī)人逍遙林泉的隱居生活。原詩(shī)用“接”、“通”、“流”、“有無(wú)”、“浮”、“動(dòng)”等一組動(dòng)詞使“三湘”、“九派”、“江”、“山”、“郡邑”、“前浦”、“波瀾”、“遠(yuǎn)空”等意象的描寫(xiě)形象生動(dòng),富于意境美。許譯Such scenery as we adore中adore表達(dá)了詩(shī)人對(duì)大自然的熱愛(ài),Would make us drink and drunken all中drink、drunken為同源詞,drink表現(xiàn)詩(shī)人盡情享受大自然的美景,drunken表現(xiàn)詩(shī)人對(duì)自然美景如癡如醉。孫譯How enchanting the scenery in Xiangyang!用感嘆句,語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈,enchanting傳達(dá)了詩(shī)人對(duì)大自然景色的陶醉。下面是《酬張少府》和黃省生的譯文:
晚年惟好靜,萬(wàn)事不關(guān)心。
自顧無(wú)長(zhǎng)策,空知返舊林。
松樹(shù)吹解帶,山月照彈琴。
君問(wèn)窮通理,漁歌入浦深。
In evening years I only care for peace:
No worldly affairs ever trouble my mind's ease.
Surveying myself I saw no far-going ways.
Why not return to the woods of my young days?
My loose sash's caressed by the wind from pines.
On the strings of my lute the hill moon shines.
You ask the reason for failure and success -
A fisher croons into the stream's recess.
原詩(shī)傳達(dá)了詩(shī)人內(nèi)心世界的空寂,詩(shī)人早年胸懷遠(yuǎn)大的政治抱負(fù),但朝廷奸臣當(dāng)?shù)溃艛D賢才,詩(shī)人報(bào)國(guó)無(wú)門(mén),內(nèi)心極度失落和苦悶。他不愿與黑暗勢(shì)力同流合污,于是歸隱山林,與世無(wú)爭(zhēng),盡情享受恬然自得的田園生活。原詩(shī)“晚年惟好靜,萬(wàn)事不關(guān)心”描寫(xiě)詩(shī)人退隱山林、超脫世俗后的輕松心態(tài),詩(shī)人青年時(shí)激情滿懷,到晚年心境逐漸歸于安寧平和,“靜”表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人情感心理的變化。詩(shī)人原本躊躇滿志,想大展宏圖,然而朝廷腐敗,官場(chǎng)黑暗,他壯志難酬。面對(duì)黑暗現(xiàn)實(shí)他感到無(wú)能為力,只能跳出塵世,歸隱林野,“自顧無(wú)長(zhǎng)策,空知返舊林”中的“空”指詩(shī)人清除心中的一切世俗雜念,內(nèi)心變得澄凈安寧。黃譯In evening years I only care for peace/No worldly affairs ever trouble my mind's ease中peace、mind's ease表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人內(nèi)心的寧?kù)o。Why not return to the woods of my young days用反問(wèn)句式,語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈,傳達(dá)了詩(shī)人對(duì)回歸自然、縱情山水的強(qiáng)烈渴望。My loose sash's caressed by the wind from pines中caress富于情感色彩,表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人與大自然的親密無(wú)間、心靈契合。You ask the reason for failure and success/A fisher croons into the stream's recess中fisher暗喻詩(shī)人,croons明寫(xiě)漁夫哼著漁歌,暗寫(xiě)詩(shī)人自吟自唱,逍遙自在,recess暗寫(xiě)詩(shī)人居所的寧?kù)o幽僻。
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